Computer Organization | Evaluation of Computer
Introduction of Computer
The name of the computer is taken from the Latin word "Computer". The father of the computer is called "Charles Babbage".
Computer mainly works in three ways, first takes the data which we call input, second it is processing the data and the third process showing the data which is called output.
Input Device
The input device is a device by which a user gives some data to the computer, knows and inputs the data.
Example - keyboard, mouse, scanner, joysticks
Output Device
If the computer user has data or result data through a device, then that device is called an output device.
Ex - Printer, Monitor, Speaker
Evolution of Computer
Abacus
Abacus was first invented in China, which was a calculating device. Abacus is also known as the first counting machine.
This device is a mechanical device, this device is still used to calculate numbers in China and many countries of Asia.
The abacus was developed to count large numbers. Sets of pieces are engaged in the Abacus Yantra.
Napier's Bones
John Napier invented a calculating device which is known as Napier's bones. This device was based on the multiplication of numbers, which made the process of multiplication easier.
Napier's bones used to have ten strips. In which the order was written from 0 to 9.
This device is known as Napier's bones. Napier's bones are also called "Rabology", a term "discovered by John Napier's".
Pascaline
The Pascaline device was invented by the French mathematician "philosopher Blaise Pascal".
This machine was also called adding machine because it could only add. This machine used to work on the principle of clock and odometer.
In 1694, the German mathematician "Gottfried von Leibniz" developed a developed form of pascaline.
Which along with add could also do the action of multiplication, division.
J.M Jacquard
Joseph Marie Jacquard is a breach inventor, he invented such a loom to weave clothes. Which used to give the design or pattern in the clothes automatically.
The specialty of this loom was that it controlled the pattern of the fabric with the punch card.
Difference Engine
Charles Babbage invented a device to do complex calculations of mathematics, which is called the difference engine.
Later he developed a machine to calculate simple work. Which was known as the analytical engine.
ABC Computer (Atanasoff - Berry - Computer)
The first electronic computer was invented by Atanasoff and Clifford Berry named ABC (Atanasoff - Berry - Computer) computer.
This computer was made in England. This computer was the first electronic digital computer.
Mechanical and Electrical Computer
In the 19th century, the mechanical computer was developed to do all kinds of mathematical questions.
Later, the rotating part of the mechanical computer was replaced by an electric motor. That is why it is also called an electric computer.
Modern electronic computer
With the development of modern computers in 1960, it was launched in the European market.
All computers used to be electronic. The Mark I and surrounding computers came into existence such as ENIVAC, LEO, EDSAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC-I, etc. All these computers go to the first generation of development.
Generation of Computer
We will tell you some important information about computer generation, if you want to know more, then we have told about it on another page, you can go to that page and get complete information about it.
First-Generation of Computer : (1945-1956)
In the first generation of computers, the computers from 1945 to 1956 have been taken.
Vacuum tube used for processing. It used machine language.
During the period the size of the computer was large is occupies a 20*40 ft area.
The cost of the computer was very high
Example - UNIVAC, ENIVAC, EDSAC.
Second Generation of Computer : (1956-1963)
In the second generation of computers, the computers from 1956 to 1963 have been taken.
Transistors were used for processing. Small in size than the first generation of computers.
High process speed than the first generation of computers.
High storage capacity of store data which was 1000kb primary and 1MB secondary memory.
Example - LARC, UNIVAC -III, IBM 1620, CDC 6600, GE 65.
Third Generation of Computers: (1964-1971)
Computers from 1964 to 1971 have been taken in the third generation of computers.
Integrated circuits and microchips were used for processing.
Storage capacity was high that is 1000MB primary to 1000MB secondary.
Example - Mainframe, PDP-1, PDP-5, ICL-2903, ICL -1900.
Fourth Generation of Computers :( 1971-1991)
In the fourth generation of computers, computers from 1971 to 1991 have been taken.
Large scale Integrated (IC) and very large scale integrated (VLSI) are used for processing.
The storage capacity was some GB. The cost was very less.
The size was reduced. It was used in home, office, and school. Speed was high.
Example- personal computer (PC), IBM 4341, STAR 1000, PDP 11.
Fifth Generation of Computer :(1991 beyond)
The fifth generation of computers is beyond the year 1991 till today.
Ultra large scale Integrated (ULSI) was used for processing.
The storage capacity of the computer is very high it is some terabyte. The cost was very high.
Example - laptop, palmtop, robot, notebook, desktop, Chromebook.
Classification of Computer
All modern computers have been classified into three categories.
- Analog computer
- Digital computer
- Hybrid computer
Analog Computer
This computer is commonly used in industries. such as process control.
Digital Computer
Most of the computers we are using today are digital computers. This computer is a general-purpose computer.
Anyone can use this computer. The speed of this computer is very high.
Hybrid Computer
A hybrid computer is a computer that can do the work done in both analog and digital computers.
Meaning a hybrid computer is a mixture of both digital and analog computers.
Basic Organization of Computer (Functional Block diagram) Input device, CPU & output device
Functionally a computer can be divided into four units
- input unit
- The central processing unit (CPU)
- memory unit
- Output unit
Input Unit
Input unit we call that which gives instruction to the computer and the computer shows us the result by following the instruction.
Meaning as if we input something on the keyboard, then the keyboard is an input device but the instruction we have given through the medium of the keyboard is called the input unit.
CPU Unit
As we saw above about the input unit, then the computer has come to the input instruction, now the computer will have a process with that input data and the computer will understand from that process what the user has given the instruction, and then accordingly gives an output from.
So the process that happens inside the computer is called the CPU unit.
Memory Unit
So we saw that the computer processes the user's inputted instruction inside itself, but the computer needs space to process the instruction given by the user inside itself and this space provides the memory unit, from which the computer user's given Processes the Hua instruction by keeping it inside itself. This is called the memory unit.
Output Unit
Now you must have got an idea of what an output unit is. The output unit is the one that the user's given instruction computer processes inside itself and the result that it provides is called the output unit.
What is Input Device ?
The input device is a device by which a user gives some data to the computer, knows and inputs the data.
Ex - keyboard, mouse, scanner, joysticks
What is Output Device ?
If the computer user has data or result data through a device, then that device is called an output device.
Ex - Printer, Monitor, Speaker
CPU : (Central Processing Unit)
The full form of CPU is Central Processing Unit. This is the brain of our computer. All the tasks that are done on our computer can be completed by the CPU only.
CPU is another device that connects to our computer. The computer cannot be used without a CPU.
Computer Memory and Classification of Memory
Computer memory is a part of the computer that stores all the data or instructions in our computer.
Memory can keep stored data in two ways, permanently or temporarily. According to the need, the memory itself stores the data. This memory is inside the CPU.
It is also called main memory, internal memory, or primary memory. There are two types of memory, one primary memory, and the other secondary memory.
Primary Memory
This memory is also a memory of the computer which stores any data but this memory is volatile.
The data written in it gets erased if your computer is turned off or the current goes out. This type of memory is called primary memory or in-memory.
There are two types of primary memory
RAM
ROM
Secondary Memory
This memory is also a memory of our computer which can store a lot of data. But this memory can store our data for a long time.
Suppose if you are doing some work on your computer and your computer suddenly shuts down, if your data is in secondary memory then there will be no loss. This is called secondary memory.
Examples of secondary memory, Hard disk, solid-state drive.
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